Motivation- a psychological process that directs and maintains your behavior toward a goal
Motives- the needs, wants, interests, and desires that propel or drive people
Instinct Theory- we are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors
Biological and Social Motives
Biological Motives- hunger, thirst, sex, sleep
Social Motives- achievement, order, play
Drive Theory- biological internal motivation (homeostasis)
Incentive Theory- environmental motivation (not as much homeostasis, more outside factors)
Friday, March 6, 2015
Social Relations
Prejudice- an unjustifiable attitude towards a group of people. Can be overt or subtle, usually involves stereotyped beliefs (a generalized belief about a group of people).
Social Inequalities- a principle reason behind prejudice.
Ingroup- "us"- people with whom one shares a common identity.
Outgroup- "them"- those perceived as different than one's ingroup.
Ingroup Bias- the tendency to favor one's own group.
Scape Goat Theory- Putting the blame on someone or something else.
The Biology of Aggression- genetics, neural influences
The Psychology of Aggression
Frustration-Aggressive Principle- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal. Creates anger which generates aggression.
Conflict- a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.
Social Trap or Prisoner's Dilemma- situation in which people must choose between act that is beneficial to themselves but harmful to others and an act that is moderately beneficial to all.
Attraction (five factors of attraction):
Proximity- geographic nearness. Mere exposure effect. Repeated exposure to something breeds liking.
Reciprocal Liking- You're more likely to like someone who likes you.
Similarity- Similarity breeds content
Liking Through Association
Physical Attractiveness
Love- Passionate and compassionate love
Passionate Love- an aroused state of intense positive absorption of another
Compassionate Love- the deep affectionate attachment we feel with those with whom our lives are intertwined
Altruism- unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Bystander Effect- bystanders are less willing to help if there are other bystanders around
Social Exchange Theory- the idea that our social behavior is an exchange process, which we maximize benefits and minimize costs.
Peacemaking- giving people shared goals that can only be achieved through cooperation
Grit- Graduated and reciprocated initiative in tension reduction
Social Inequalities- a principle reason behind prejudice.
Ingroup- "us"- people with whom one shares a common identity.
Outgroup- "them"- those perceived as different than one's ingroup.
Ingroup Bias- the tendency to favor one's own group.
Scape Goat Theory- Putting the blame on someone or something else.
The Biology of Aggression- genetics, neural influences
The Psychology of Aggression
Frustration-Aggressive Principle- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal. Creates anger which generates aggression.
Conflict- a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.
Social Trap or Prisoner's Dilemma- situation in which people must choose between act that is beneficial to themselves but harmful to others and an act that is moderately beneficial to all.
Attraction (five factors of attraction):
Proximity- geographic nearness. Mere exposure effect. Repeated exposure to something breeds liking.
Reciprocal Liking- You're more likely to like someone who likes you.
Similarity- Similarity breeds content
Liking Through Association
Physical Attractiveness
Love- Passionate and compassionate love
Passionate Love- an aroused state of intense positive absorption of another
Compassionate Love- the deep affectionate attachment we feel with those with whom our lives are intertwined
Altruism- unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Bystander Effect- bystanders are less willing to help if there are other bystanders around
Social Exchange Theory- the idea that our social behavior is an exchange process, which we maximize benefits and minimize costs.
Peacemaking- giving people shared goals that can only be achieved through cooperation
Grit- Graduated and reciprocated initiative in tension reduction
Thursday, March 5, 2015
Social Influence
Conforming- Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standards.
Conditions that Strengthen Conformity
Conditions that Strengthen Conformity
- one is made to feel incompetent
- the group is at least three people
- the group is unanimous
- one admires the group's status
- one had made no prior commitment
- the person is observed
Normative Social Influence- Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disappointment.
Informational Social Influence- influence resulting from one's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality.
Group Influence on Behavior
Social Facilitation- Improved performance of tasks in the presence of others. It occurs with simple or well learned tasks, not with tasks that are difficult or not yet learned.
Yerkes-Dodson Law- There's an optimal level of arousal for the best performance of any task.
Social Loafing- the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling efforts toward a common goal than if they were individually accountable.
Deindividuation- The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that faster arousal and anonymity.
Group Polarization- The concept that a group's attitude is one of extremes and rarely moderate.
Groupthink- The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides common sense.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies- Occurs when one person's belief about others leads one to act in ways that induce the others to appear to confirm the belief.
Group Polarization- The concept that a group's attitude is one of extremes and rarely moderate.
Groupthink- The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides common sense.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies- Occurs when one person's belief about others leads one to act in ways that induce the others to appear to confirm the belief.
Social Psychology
Social Psychology is the study of how we think about, influence, and relate to to one another.
Attribution Theory- The idea that we give a casual explanation for someone's behavior. We credit behavior to either the situation or a person's disposition.
Fundamental Attribution Error- The tendency to underestimate the impact of a situation and underestimate the impact of personal disposition.
Attitudes- A belief or feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way about something.
Our attitudes guide our actions only if external pressure is minimal.
We are aware of our attitudes. The attitude is relevant to the behavior.
Foot-In-Door Phenomenon- The tendency for people to have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.
Door-In-Face Phenomenon- The tendency for people who say no to a large request, to comply with a smaller one,
Zimbardo Prison Study- Role playing affects attitudes.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory- We do not like when we have either conflicting attitudes or when our attitudes do not match our actions.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory- We do not like when we have either conflicting attitudes or when our attitudes do not match our actions.
Thursday, February 12, 2015
Survey Method- it's the most common type of study in psychology. It measures correlation. It's cheap and fast, it requires a variety of ransom samples, and it has a low-response rate.
Naturalistic Observation- it's basically watching subjects in their natural environment. You do not manipulate the environment.
Correlation Coefficient- it measures the amount of a relationship. It has a range from -1 to 1. The relationship gets weaker the closer you get to zero.
Case Studies- a detailed picture of one or a few subjects. Tells a story, and is only descriptive research. Doesn't give us correlation data.
Statistics- the recorded results from a study.
Mean, median, and mode
Mean- average
Median- middle number
Mode- most common number
Descriptive Statistics- describes sets of data
Other Measures of Liability
Range- distance from highest to lowest number
Standard Deviation- the variance of scores around the mean
Statistics- the recorded results from a study.
Mean, median, and mode
Mean- average
Median- middle number
Mode- most common number
Descriptive Statistics- describes sets of data
Other Measures of Liability
Range- distance from highest to lowest number
Standard Deviation- the variance of scores around the mean
Hypothesis- explains the relationship between two variables
Independent variable- whatever is being manipulated
Dependent variable- whatever is being measured in the experiment
Operational definitions- explain what you mean in your hypothesis, how will the variables be measured in "real life" terms
Sampling- identify the population you want to study, the sample must be representative of the population you want to study
Experimental method- looking to prove casual relationships, cause=effect
Beware of confounding variables- a confounding variable is anything that could cause a change in B that is not A.
Hawthorne effect- just the fact that you know you are in an experiment can cause change.
Correlation method- expresses a relationship between two variables, does not show causation.
Survey method- most common type of study in psychology, measures correlation, cheap and fast, good random sample, low response rate.
Naturalistic Observation- watch subjects in their natural environment, do not manipulate the environment.
Correlation coefficient- a number that measures the strength of a relationship, range from +1 to -1, the relationship gets weaker the closer you get to zero.
Case studies- a detailed picture of one or a few subjects, tells us a great story, does not give us correlation data.
Mean- average the results
Median- subtract the lowest from the highest
Mode- occurs the most in a set of data
Single blind- the subject does not know of the experiment being conducted.
Double-blind- the subject and the researcher do not know of the study being conduced.
Longitudinal- observing a study of the course of years
Cross-sectional- looking over a variety of groups
Independent variable- whatever is being manipulated
Dependent variable- whatever is being measured in the experiment
Operational definitions- explain what you mean in your hypothesis, how will the variables be measured in "real life" terms
Sampling- identify the population you want to study, the sample must be representative of the population you want to study
Experimental method- looking to prove casual relationships, cause=effect
Beware of confounding variables- a confounding variable is anything that could cause a change in B that is not A.
Hawthorne effect- just the fact that you know you are in an experiment can cause change.
Correlation method- expresses a relationship between two variables, does not show causation.
Survey method- most common type of study in psychology, measures correlation, cheap and fast, good random sample, low response rate.
Naturalistic Observation- watch subjects in their natural environment, do not manipulate the environment.
Correlation coefficient- a number that measures the strength of a relationship, range from +1 to -1, the relationship gets weaker the closer you get to zero.
Case studies- a detailed picture of one or a few subjects, tells us a great story, does not give us correlation data.
Mean- average the results
Median- subtract the lowest from the highest
Mode- occurs the most in a set of data
Single blind- the subject does not know of the experiment being conducted.
Double-blind- the subject and the researcher do not know of the study being conduced.
Longitudinal- observing a study of the course of years
Cross-sectional- looking over a variety of groups
Research Methods
Research Methods
Psychology is a science, it's based on research.
Hindsight Bias- the tendency to believe after learning the outcome, that you knew it all along.
Overconfidence- when people tend to think they know more than they do.
The Barnum Effect- the tendency for people to accept very general or vague characterizations of themselves and take them to be accurate.
Applied vs. Basic Research
Applied Research has clear, practical applications.
Basic Research explores questions that you may be curious about, but is not intended to be immediately used.
Psychology is a science, it's based on research.
Hindsight Bias- the tendency to believe after learning the outcome, that you knew it all along.
Overconfidence- when people tend to think they know more than they do.
The Barnum Effect- the tendency for people to accept very general or vague characterizations of themselves and take them to be accurate.
Applied vs. Basic Research
Applied Research has clear, practical applications.
Basic Research explores questions that you may be curious about, but is not intended to be immediately used.
Friday, January 30, 2015
Psychological Disorders
The DSM IV (Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Disorders)- It's the "big book of disorders." It classifies disorders and its symptoms.
There are two major classifications in the DSM IV, the Neurotic Disorders and the Psychotic Disorders.
Neurotic disorders are described as distressing, but people are still able to function in their society and acting rationally.
Psychotic Disorders are when people lose contact with reality and experience distorted perceptions.
Anxiety Disorders- A group of disorders in which the primary symptoms are anxiety or defenses against anxiety.
People with anxiety are constantly afraid that something awful will happen and in a state of intense apprehension.
Phobia- characterized by irrational fears and sudden episodes of intense dread.
General Anxiety Disorder- an anxiety disorder in which a person is constantly tense and apprehensive.
Panic Disorder- characterized by minute-long experiences of intense dread, in which people experience terror, chest pains, choking, and other frightening sensations.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder- obsessions that cause someone to engage in a particular action excessively.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder- flashbacks or nightmares following a person's involvement in traumatic events.
Hypochondria- frequent physical complaints for which doctors cannot identify the cause.
Conversion Disorder- when people report a severe physical problems with no biological reason.
There are two major classifications in the DSM IV, the Neurotic Disorders and the Psychotic Disorders.
Neurotic disorders are described as distressing, but people are still able to function in their society and acting rationally.
Psychotic Disorders are when people lose contact with reality and experience distorted perceptions.
Anxiety Disorders- A group of disorders in which the primary symptoms are anxiety or defenses against anxiety.
People with anxiety are constantly afraid that something awful will happen and in a state of intense apprehension.
Phobia- characterized by irrational fears and sudden episodes of intense dread.
General Anxiety Disorder- an anxiety disorder in which a person is constantly tense and apprehensive.
Panic Disorder- characterized by minute-long experiences of intense dread, in which people experience terror, chest pains, choking, and other frightening sensations.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder- obsessions that cause someone to engage in a particular action excessively.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder- flashbacks or nightmares following a person's involvement in traumatic events.
Hypochondria- frequent physical complaints for which doctors cannot identify the cause.
Conversion Disorder- when people report a severe physical problems with no biological reason.
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